一 | By Anna Dalla Valle (CNS)-- Forward-looking mindset: whole-system and life cycle thinking My work is centred on the environmental sustainability of buildings over the entire life cycle and beyond in view of the circular economy: from design and construction to use and reuse, up to final disposal or, preferably, recovery for a second life. Here, the paradigm shift is twofold, because a whole-system thinking is needed not only to consider the entire life cycle, but also to envision what happens next. The ultimate goal is to minimize environmental impacts and to drive both sustainability and innovation. To be more explicit, the first shift involves keeping in mind the entire life cycle – from the early design stages – moving beyond the traditional focus on construction and energy efficiency during use. It is to select building products looking back to the supply chain, such as recycled content, locally sourced and bio-based solutions, while also looking ahead to performance decay, maintenance needs and the potential for extending service life. Moreover, the second shift press to move beyond the linear building process – as traditionally practiced – in which we extract raw materials, we build, we use, and eventually we demolish. Indeed, this model has reached its limits, undermining planetary resources with adverse environmental and social effects. Interconnected choices: designing decisions that create shared value A life cycle perspective matched with circularity inevitably challenges this linearity, wondering from the very beginning about what happens when assets become obsolete and fall into disuse, to design buildings as part of a continuous loop of resources. Accordingly, design, construction, daily use (energy and water consumption), maintenance, replacement and end-of-life turn out to be regarded not as isolated steps but interconnected with each other. In fact, at each stage, choices can either preserve or destroy value. For example, if construction solutions are carefully selected, they can be reused in the future, either in their entirety, as whole products, or through disassembly into components, or even by separating materials. In this way, they may maintain the same function (e.g. a window reused as it is) or serve different purposes (e.g. glass cullet used as input for glass wool insulation). If technological systems are designed flexibly, buildings can reach different business segments and host concurrently different activities, resulting easily adaptable from housing to office and vice versa, instead of being demolished. If building processes integrate digital tools, data can guide smarter decisions over decades, provided that data infrastructure is ensured, followed by constant monitoring and analysis of the collected data and the update and dissemination of results across industry and practitioners as well as policymakers. Thinking this way means making choices future-oriented, ready to embrace innovation while respecting planetary boundaries, namely limiting the environmental impact at every stage and in every region – to avoid burden shifting – not just at the beginning but along the whole (first-second) life cycle. Certainly, a demanding but exciting challenge: one I am proud to take on and in my little to contribute to. Beyond appearances: close-up process for understanding what lies behind In daily life, we often say to "look beyond appearances". Usually, this expression pertains to people, to underline the risk of avoiding judging someone solely by what can be seen. Now the interesting thing is that the same advice can be applied to architecture, obviously without undermining the importance of aesthetic beauty, at the core also of the New European Bauhaus initiative together with sustainability and inclusion. Nonetheless, as an architect expert in sustainable technology, I have learned to extend it to the built environment, by seeing buildings not merely as visible structures (walls, roofs, windows), but as living parts of a larger and complex system. In this sense, architecture can be compared to a plant. Plants are anchored in the soil by roots; buildings are anchored in the ground by foundations. Plants capture sunlight, absorb water, accommodate small animals, and interact with other organisms; buildings consume energy, deplete water, host human life, and interact with their surroundings. Both are deeply connected to their ecosystem. However, to fully understand them, both must be looked beyond appearances, through a "close-up" process taken to the extreme. It is not simply a matter of focusing on details, as happens in photography and cinema fields; the intention is to delve deeper and deeper to the fuller extent: an in-depth analysis of whatever is behind, starting from the exterior to gradually shift to construction technologies, materials, up to their chemicals. The latter is, of course, not the responsibility of architects, but it lies at the heart of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), analyses that I usually perform during the decision-making at the different process stage to help building stakeholders minimize environmental impacts across the entire – potentially multiple – life cycle. For architectural technology, for example, it is a matter of addressing, alongside conventional requirements (e.g. performance, safety, usability, well-being), the specific requirements of environmental sustainability (e.g. the rational use and optimization of materials, energy, water), taking into account the technical feasibility and evaluating the entire life cycle. At the utmost, it is to look into everything that underlies the presence of that specific material in that exact spot, its behaviour and interrelationships when in service, and its post-use journey, setting up the necessary network to actually close the loop in practice. Material-immaterial synergy: the invisible foundations of sustainable architecture To embrace this vision, the idea of resources is to be extended compared to the ordinary sense. Certainly, buildings are made and calls for a set of tangible resources, such as money to be started, bricks, steel, or timber to be erected, tools and equipment to be managed including in the long-term. The issue that often runs out is that buildings rely heavily as well on intangible resources, namely knowledge, skills, processes, organisation, information flows and network. These two dimensions – tangible and intangible – are closely connected and interdependent on each other. Without appropriate eco-design knowledge, even the best materials are wasted; without materials, knowledge has no application. In such a mindset, architecture becomes a remarkable expression of the synergy between tangible resources and intangible resources: a space where East and West can successfully meet, building a bridge across cultures through openness and inclusiveness. Indeed, it is well recognized that different traditions bring different perspectives and, when combined, generate the best and more holistic solutions. The "living building" is both a technical and cultural artefact, an expression of human creativity that must not overstep the planetary boundary. Strategic imperative: cross-border and cross-disciplinary cooperation Evidence is found in international collaborations such as Joint Schools, where universities from different countries join forces to promote shared research and training. A concrete example of Sino-foreign cooperation is the XJTU-POLIMI Joint School, opened in Xi'an (China) in 2019 through a partnership between Politecnico di Milano and Xi'an Jiaotong University. As POLIMI's first campus outside Italy, it serves as an international platform dedicated to education and research as well as technology transfer and business incubation. This initiative, like others currently in place, aims to take the best of each part to foster shared growth and mutual learning. Italy brings its strong polytechnic culture, its multidisciplinary approach and focus on design quality, together with the European emphasis on social and environmental responsibility. China, in turn, is a leader in fast-evolving business, in the integration capacity of digital technologies and in large-scale engineering projects, pulled by top-down policies that allow fast implementation. In conjunction, these strengths can create fertile ground for innovation and speed up the transformation process within the Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector, always been acknowledged as resistant to change, due to its intrinsic complexity and fragmented nature. Rethinking the built environment: buildings as resource-driven assets The effort is to move beyond the concept of buildings as "material banks" – namely repositories where resources are temporarily stored – to rethink them and push the vision further of buildings as "resource-driven assets". While the first construct is earmarked for physical goods, that proposed calls for careful consideration of both tangible/material/visible resources and intangible/immaterial/invisible resources, taking care that everything is optimised and nothing is wasted, to preserve their value over time. In practice, this means looking at what goes into buildings, such as materials, systems and the energy required to transform and assemble them, but also, for instance, the set of expertise, skills and specialization of practitioners involved during design. Similarly, starting from the outset, it means looking at what comes out throughout buildings life, like emissions, waste, and decommissioned materials, but also knowledge gained from monitoring and lessons learned from operations. To ignore either side of the equation (inputs-outputs) would be a missed opportunity. If we want buildings to truly act as resource-driven assets, we must synergise, map, understand, and manage the full spectrum of in- and out- flows, both tangible and intangible. On the tangible side, this requires a deep understanding of material, energy and water flows across the entire life cycle. Which resources are extracted, transported, and assembled? How much energy is consumed, and how is it sourced? How do materials degrade over time, and how can they be reused or recycled without losing quality? These questions are essential to reduce impacts and to design systems that are both efficient and resilient. On the intangible side, equally important are the flows of information and knowledge that connect all actors in the construction value chain. Long before a building is erected, crucial questions are: How is data exchanged among stakeholders? Is communication efficient enough to speed up the workflows? How can design capabilities evolve into maturity, meaning quality achieved through best practice? Then, as more buildings themselves add to this immaterial layer through sensors, smart meters, and digital platforms that produce valuable insights, another set of questions follows: How is this information managed, shared, and preserved? How to ensure that data supports predictive maintenance and reverse logistics? How to activate new business models based on sharing and collaboration? Just as materials should not be wasted, neither should information. Data and knowledge must be treated as resources that enrich our collective know-how, building an "infodump bank" that not only improves current performance but also informs future decisions, guides new designs and strengthens subsequent projects. The correlation between tangible and intangible resources is ever closer: managing them together ensures that nothing is wasted and that the embedded value is preserved across time. In that respect, "no waste of resources" also means "no waste of value", since every material, every bit of data, and every piece of knowledge carries potential that, if carefully handled, can extend usefulness, inspire innovation, and create lasting benefits well beyond the life of a single project. Global impact: construction sector as global lever for planetary sustainability Through joint research and cross-border exchange programmes, the construction sector proves to be an extraordinary testing ground and given its global impact in terms of emissions and resource consumption, it clearly stands as a priority for change. Furthermore, never forget that buildings are everywhere and shape our daily lives, leading mindful planning crucial not only for preserving the natural environment but also human well-being. In this framework, architects, engineers, designers, scientists and all necessary professionals can work side by side to explore new possibilities, even creating new synergies across key business sectors. Imagine if constructions integrate materials from unexpected sources such as fashion and/or food waste. Fast-fashion clothing and textile scraps, invasive plants and agricultural by-products, or even organic waste – which are currently a significant environmental burden with serious social effects – can be rethought as valuable inputs for new building solutions. In this way, the concept of waste disappears, as it serves as input resources from another industrial sector, consequently, contributing to lower material intensity (virgin material reduction), greater industrial symbiosis (new business opportunities), and implementing smarter ways to manage resources. At the same time, digital technologies and artificial intelligence can support this process, helping to track resources, optimise flows, and potentially update in real-time the expected environmental impacts in relation to what actually happens. The ambition is to create architecture that is resource efficient and socially valuable in the long term. Considering the key role of construction, even small changes, when scale up to thousands of buildings and millions of people, can make a big difference for the planet. At this point, the key role of China is beyond question. As the world's largest construction market and major exporter, its choices strongly affect global trends, making environmental awareness and transparency in its building sector essential. Indeed, in a globalised economy, what is produced in one region may be assembled in another, used in a third and so on throughout the different stages of the life cycle, spreading responsibilities across several borders. For this reason, it is imperative to turn LCA into a standard practice, but also to regionalise results, to identify where the greatest impacts occur over the building life cycle, including in geographical terms. Here, China inevitably results in a central hotspot to concentrate efforts: improving practices there could deliver benefits worldwide, setting the chance to become an outstanding reference and reducing burdens far beyond its borders, (hopefully) without exceeding the limits of the planet. Yet – be warned – the focus is not solely on new construction, where starting from scratch makes everything easier: the real challenge (and greatest opportunity) stands in the existing building stock, because of representing the largest reserve of resources we already have. These artefacts embody vast amounts of materials, energy, and human effort that should not be wasted leaving unfinished and/or uninhabited. Instead of discarding them, we must be proactive to renew the existing buildings, extending their service life while improving performance to meet ever-evolving needs. Call to action: building bridges within planetary boundaries It is time to join forces, to move from theory to practice, from words to action. To succeed, we need lots more than technology. We need dialogue between cultures; we need young and open minds, trained to think across disciplines and borders, ready to learn from diversity, capable of working together toward a unified vision, think globally while acting locally. Green architecture should not be perceived as a trend, but as a common responsibility of the present for the future. These are just the premises to the most open question ever: "What if we built bridges between East and West, without crossing the limits of our planet?" I therefore invite everyone to begin offering practical responses, reframing global challenges as shared opportunities for innovation. Profile: Anna Dalla Valle is an Assistant Professor and Researcher in the Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering (DABC) at Politecnico di Milano, Italy. She is an associate and active member of both the Italian LCA Network Association and the Italian Society of Architectural Technology. She represents Politecnico di Milano in the New European Bauhaus initiative and fully participates in various international organizations, including the LCA Working Group of the Italian Green Building Council, the Italian Circular Economy Stakeholder Platform, and the International Energy Agency’s working group on ' Ways to Implement Net-zero Whole Life Carbon Buildings'. 
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二 | 福建省人民政府令第253号 《福建省行政执法人员管理办法》已经2026年7月20日省人民政府第97次常务会议通过，现予公布，自2026年10月1日起施行。 省长 赵龙 2026年7月29日 福建省行政执法人员管理办法 第一章 总 则 第一条 为了加强行政执法人员管理，提升行政执法水平，促进严格规范公正文明执法，强化法治政府建设，根据《行政执法监督条例》、《福建省行政执法条例》等法律、法规，结合本省实际，制定本办法。 第二条 本省行政区域内行政执法人员的管理，适用本办法。法律、法规和国家另有规定的，从其规定。 本办法所称行政执法机关，是指依法行使行政执法职权的各级人民政府及其工作部门、派出机关和法律、法规授予行政执法职权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织。
三 | 本办法所称行政执法人员，是指行政执法机关中依照法律、法规、规章规定，从事行政许可、行政处罚、行政强制、行政确认、行政征收征用、行政检查、行政给付等行政执法活动的工作人员。 第三条 行政执法人员管理工作坚持中国共产党的领导，遵循统一管理与分级负责相结合、监督约束与激励保障并重的原则。 第四条 县级以上人民政府应当加强对本行政区域内行政执法人员管理工作的领导，协调解决行政执法人员管理工作中的重大问题，加强行政执法队伍建设和行政执法工作保障。
四 | 第五条 县级以上人民政府司法行政部门负责本行政区域内行政执法人员管理的综合协调和指导监督工作。 行政执法机关负责本单位及其派出机构的行政执法人员具体管理和本系统下级行政执法机关行政执法人员管理的指导监督工作。 第六条 行政执法人员的教育培训、资格考试、执法设施装备、执法工作经费等费用，列入本级预算。行政执法证件工本费列入省级预算。
五 | 第二章 信息化管理 第七条 发挥省一体化大融合行政执法平台（以下简称“闽执法”平台）作用，持续提升行政执法信息化水平，实现行政执法活动和行政执法人员全流程数字化、智能化管理。
六 | 第八条 行政执法机关应当依托“闽执法”平台开展行政执法人员培训考试、证件制发、资格管理、执法评议等工作。 第九条 省人民政府司法行政部门应当在“闽执法”平台建立全省统一行政执法人员库，实行一人一档、动态更新。 行政执法人员库应当归集身份信息、所属执法主体、职务职级、执法资格取得以及变动情况、教育培训、奖惩问责和其他用于行政执法人员管理的信息。 行政执法机关应当及时、准确、完整更新本单位行政执法人员相关信息。 第十条 行政执法人员应当全过程应用“闽执法”平台从事行政执法活动，落实行政执法公示制度、执法全过程记录制度、重大执法决定法制审核制度，做到严格规范公正文明。法律、法规、规章另有规定的，从其规定。 第十一条 行政执法机关和司法行政部门可以依托“闽执法”平台，采用智能预警、大数据分析、案卷评查、公众评议等方式，开展行政执法人员监督管理工作。 第三章 证件管理 第十二条 行政执法资格考试合格并取得行政执法证件的人员，方可从事行政执法活动。
七 | 申请参加行政执法资格考试的人员应当具备下列条件： （一）坚持中国共产党的领导，遵守宪法法律，具有良好的政治素质和道德品行； （二）拟从事行政执法活动且在编在职； （三）熟悉从事本岗位工作必需的法律知识、业务知识和执法技能； （四）具有正常履行职责的身体条件； （五）法律、法规、规章和国家规定的其他条件。 第十三条 省和设区的市（含平潭综合实验区，下同）行政执法机关工作人员申请参加行政执法资格考试，其所在单位应当按照规定对申请材料进行初审；符合条件的，报本级人民政府司法行政部门审核。 县（市、区）行政执法机关或者乡（镇）人民政府、街道办事处工作人员申请参加行政执法资格考试，其所在单位应当按照规定对申请材料进行初审，向县（市、区）人民政府司法行政部门提交申请；符合条件的，由县（市、区）人民政府司法行政部门报设区的市人民政府司法行政部门审核。
八 | 第十四条 申请材料通过司法行政部门审核的人员，参加行政执法资格考试前，应当接受资格培训。 资格培训包含法律知识培训和政治素质、业务知识、职业道德、廉洁自律等内容。法律知识培训由县级以上人民政府司法行政部门组织；政治素质、业务知识、职业道德、廉洁自律等培训由参加考试人员所在行政执法机关组织。 行政执法资格考试由省人民政府司法行政部门统一组织，省和设区的市人民政府司法行政部门分级实施。
九 | 已经取得法律职业资格的人员，免于参加行政执法资格考试。 第十五条 行政执法资格考试合格的人员，应当及时申领行政执法证件。 行政执法资格考试合格的人员所在单位应当按照规定对申领材料进行初审，并报本级人民政府司法行政部门审核；符合条件的，本级人民政府司法行政部门逐级报省人民政府司法行政部门核发行政执法证件。 第十六条 省人民政府司法行政部门应当按照国务院规定的行政执法证件标准样式，统一制发行政执法证件。
十 | 行政执法证件长期有效。 行政执法人员通过“闽执法”平台申领的电子证件与实体证件具有同等效力。
十一 | 鼓励有条件的地方在行政执法活动中全面应用电子证件。 第十七条 行政执法证件载明的信息需要变更，或者证件破损不能辨认相关信息的，行政执法人员所在单位应当收回原行政执法证件，向本级人民政府司法行政部门提出换发申请；本级人民政府司法行政部门逐级报省人民政府司法行政部门注销旧证、换发新证。 第十八条 行政执法证件遗失的，行政执法人员所在单位应当通过本级人民政府或者本单位门户网站、“闽执法”平台等公告，公告期限为15日，公告期届满后向本级人民政府司法行政部门提出申请；本级人民政府司法行政部门逐级报省人民政府司法行政部门补发证件。 第十九条 行政执法人员因退休、调离、辞退、辞职等离开执法岗位的，应当主动向所在单位交回行政执法证件，其所在单位应当及时向本级人民政府司法行政部门提出注销申请；本级人民政府司法行政部门逐级报省人民政府司法行政部门注销证件。
十二 | 调离执法岗位人员又重新回到执法岗位的，参加在岗培训后，可以直接申领行政执法证件。 第四章 监督管理 第二十条 行政执法人员从事行政执法活动，应当自觉接受有权机关和社会公众的监督。 行政执法机关应当通过本级人民政府或者本单位门户网站、“闽执法”平台等将行政执法人员的姓名、性别、所属行政执法机关、行政执法证件编号等信息向社会公示。
十三 | 第二十一条 行政执法机关应当加强行政执法人员教育培训，制定行政执法人员年度培训计划，分类分级分层组织行政执法人员接受在岗培训。在岗培训包含政治素质、法律知识、业务知识、“闽执法”平台应用、职业道德和廉洁自律等内容。 第二十二条 县级以上人民政府司法行政部门和上级行政执法机关应当加强行政执法监督工作，发现行政执法人员的行政执法活动违法或者明显不当的，及时督促有关行政执法机关依法处理；发现行政执法人员违反国家法律、法规或者涉嫌职务违法、职务犯罪的问题线索，按照规定移送有权机关依法处理。 第二十三条 行政执法人员有下列情形之一的，其所在行政执法机关应当提请本级人民政府司法行政部门决定暂扣其行政执法证件，并对其进行离岗教育： （一）未规范使用证件、标志标识以及执法装备，未按照规定着制式服装，造成不良影响； （二）未按照规定应用“闽执法”平台系统开展执法，落实相关制度； （三）从事行政执法活动时使用威胁性、歧视性、侮辱性等不文明语言，未造成严重后果； （四）野蛮、粗暴执法，未造成严重后果； （五）违反行政执法程序情节轻微，未造成严重后果； （六）从事行政执法活动时应当回避而未主动申请回避； （七）拒绝或者阻碍行政执法监督人员依法履行监督职责； （八）法律、法规、规章规定的其他情形。 行政执法人员参加离岗教育并考核合格的，经本级人民政府司法行政部门同意，行政执法机关发还其行政执法证件。 第二十四条 行政执法人员有下列情形之一的，其所在行政执法机关应当提请本级人民政府司法行政部门决定取消其行政执法资格，并将行政执法证件交由省人民政府司法行政部门予以注销： （一）受到刑事处罚或者开除处分； （二）有案不立、推诿扯皮、以罚代管； （三）超越、滥用职权； （四）违规异地执法、趋利性执法以及乱收费、乱罚款、乱检查、乱查封； （五）索取或者收受当事人财物，接受可能影响公正执法的宴请或者旅游、健身、娱乐等活动安排； （六）非法截留、私分或者变相私分、占用、挪用涉案财物； （七）违反法定程序从事行政执法活动，造成严重后果或者恶劣影响； （八）辱骂殴打当事人，造成严重后果或者恶劣影响； （九）对投诉人、举报人实施打击报复； （十）采取弄虚作假或者其他不正当手段取得行政执法证件； （十一）法律、法规、规章规定的其他情形。 第二十五条 行政执法人员对暂扣行政执法证件、取消行政执法资格的决定不服的，可以自收到处理决定之日起30日内向上一级人民政府司法行政部门申请复核；省级行政执法机关的行政执法人员向省人民政府司法行政部门申请复核。 复核机关应当自收到复核申请之日起15日内作出复核决定，并书面告知申请人及其所在单位。复核期间，不停止原处理决定的执行。复核机关经审查，认定处理决定有错误的，原处理机关应当及时予以纠正。 第二十六条 任何单位和个人有权对行政执法活动中的违法或者不当行为进行举报。有关部门接到举报后，应当依法及时处理，并为举报人保密。 第二十七条 省人民政府司法行政部门应当定期组织选树行政执法典型，宣传行政执法人员先进事迹，增强行政执法活动的权威性和公信力。 第二十八条 行政执法机关依照法律、法规、规章、国家和本省有关规定，可以配置一定数量的行政执法辅助人员，并应当对其加强监督管理。 第五章 法律责任 第二十九条 违反本办法规定的行为，法律、法规已有法律责任规定的，从其规定。
十四 | 第三十条 行政执法机关违反本办法规定，有下列情形之一的，由县级以上人民政府司法行政部门责令限期改正；逾期未改正的，予以通报： （一）未按照规定执行行政执法人员持证上岗制度； （二）未按照规定对行政执法资格考试申请材料和行政执法证件申领材料进行初审； （三）未按照规定落实行政执法人员培训要求； （四）未按照规定落实行政执法公示制度。 第三十一条 行政执法人员在行政执法活动中玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的，由有权机关依法给予处分。 第六章 附 则 第三十二条 乡（镇）人民政府、街道办事处申领、换发、补发、暂扣、发还、注销行政执法证件，通过“闽执法”平台向县（市、区）人民政府司法行政部门提出或者报送。 第三十三条 在本办法施行前依法取得的行政执法证件继续有效；在该行政执法证件有效期届满前，应当按照本办法规定重新申领行政执法证件。 由国务院部门制发的行政执法证件的管理，依照法律、法规和国家有关规定执行。 人民警察的执法资格认证与证件管理，依照《中华人民共和国人民警察法》和国家有关规定执行。 第三十四条 本办法自2026年10月1日起施行。1998年7月25日福建省人民政府发布的《福建省行政执法资格认证与执法证件管理办法》（福建省人民政府令第49号）同时废止。
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